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The third generation of the TRF touring car line began in December of 2007 with the 42106 TRF 416 chassis only 2 months after the last version of the previous generation (TRF 415MSXX Marc Rheinard Edition). Unlike the basic model TRF 415, this did not get a production 58xxx designation and was therefore limited edition like all future TRF releases.  The photo on the cover of the manual shows a 49386 10T Transpeed MS brushed motor installed. The first update came out the following December and was designated the 42138 TRF 416 World Edition.  This version was based on the changes driver Marc Rheinard made to win the IFMAR ISTC world championship earlier in 2008 and was the first to show a brushless motor being used in the photograph on the cover of the manual.  Tamiya was not yet marketing their own brushless motors at the time, but the IFMAR records indicate Marc used a sensored Speed Passion motor.  The following December (an interesting one year cycle is developing here) Tamiya released the 42162 TRF 416X which incorporated most of the same changes as the World Edition except for the fluorine bearings and "HL" coating on the shock bodies, making it effectively a "lite" version of the World Edition (although it actually sold for more).  The manual photo reverted to a brushed motor, this time a much lower cost 53696 23T Super Stock TZ.  I present a detailed list of the changes to each generation of the model below.  The bullets shown in italics represent the differences between the 416WE and 416X. 

TRF 416 World Edition Changes

• Stronger motor mount side brace
• Rear suspension mounts use 1XA and 1F instead of 1XB and 1D
• Front suspension mounts use 1C instead of 1A and 1B
• Front direct coupling instead of one-way
• Longer upper deck replacing rear upper brace
• New shorter reversible suspension arms
• Air scoop eliminated
• Bigger bumper
• Fluorine sealed bearings
• Default rear toe 3.5° instead of 3°
• Battery position moved slightly forward
• Special "high lubrication" coating on damper cylinders                  

TRF 416X Changes (compared to basic 416)

• Stronger motor mount side brace
• Rear suspension mounts use 1XA and 1E instead of 1XB and 1D
• Front suspension mounts use 1C instead of 1A and 1B
• Front direct coupling instead of one-way
• Longer upper deck replacing rear upper brace
• New shorter reversible suspension arms
• Air scoop eliminated
• Bigger bumper
• Modified rear and center bulkheads

There was also a modification available.  All of the TRF 416 versions were configured for batteries using separate sub-C racing cells.  If you wanted to use one of the then new lithium batteries instead, you could get the 42182 TRF 416X Upgrade Kit which changed the upper and lower chassis decks and battery supports.

At first glance the chassis is barely distinguishable from the TRF 415 MSXX. Like all the TRF touring car chassis, this a twin belt driven 4WD model with carbon fiber chassis plates, loads of machined aluminum parts, and generally the best parts Tamiya could come up with including hardware and axles.  The general layout with the electronics on one side and the battery on the other is the same.  The real changes are all in the details and are explained much further in my build journal below.

The TRF 416 comes in a small box with a carrying handle like many standalone chassis.  There is no box art on this kind of box, instead there is a sticker on the side with the relevant details about the model, this time without even a picture.  This version of the chassis is also printed with some information on the front cover (in English).  There's also a sticker bragging about Tamiya's JMRCA (Japan Model Racing Car Association) world championship win in the 1/10 electric touring class.
When the box is opened you see very little.  The box looks almost empty with only a few molded plastic parts visible.  Everything else is beneath the divider.  Because TRF kits don't come with a body, the sticker sheet doesn't represent any particular livery.  These TRF 416 stickers are unique to this model.  
All of the parts are laid out on my table.   I've knolled all the parts, set out the manual, and have prepared to start the build.  There is a lot of aluminum and carbon here.  It looks like there aren't many parts, but that's because so much hardware is consolidated in the trays.

While writing about this build, I am going to concentrate on the differences between this and the last chassis in the TRF line I built (the TRF 415MSX ).

This first picture compares the chassis from the TRF 415MSX (green), the TRF 416 (blue), and from the 416X (red).  Compared to the 415, you can see that the main differences are moving the motor and the battery slightly back.  The 416 and 416X are virtually identical.  The 416X added a couple of unused mystery holes that I haven't been able to fully understand.  I assume they are for some kind of maintenance access.  I don't have the 416X so I can't verify.   
Compared to the TRF 415MSX, this ball differential increases the ball count from 8 to 12 so it should be quite a bit stronger.  Tamiya has also found a clever way to get rid of that annoying 2 piece pulley that had to be glued.  The new one-piece molded part shown uses slots in the pulley flange to give the mold access to form the teeth.  It must be an incredibly complex multi-part mold.  The diff nut is also now a special steel part instead of a standard nut sitting in a plastic housing.   
What used to be two rear bulkheads that integrated the motor mount and the center pulley mount has now split into four parts with separate rear and center bulkheads.  The motor mount includes a side support to help with the weight of the cantilevered motor.  This side support got even stronger later with the World Edition and 416X.  The forward of the rear suspension mounts is also installed at this point.  The rear bulkheads have been simplified with only a single tab to integrate with the scalloped eccentric bearing supports on the ball diff.  
These upper bulkheads are very similar, but not identical, to the parts from the TRF 415MSX.  They capture the rear ball differential and belt, and will later support the camber links and shock tower.

The TRF 416 finally eliminates the front one-way bearing from the center shaft and instead directly couples both the front and rear pulleys to the shaft.  The pulleys have also been located on either side of the spur gear instead of both being on one side.  The impact of this is the spur (and also motor) moving slightly toward the center of the chassis.  The spur gear went from 102T to a slightly larger 105T.  The carbon upper brace connects the rear bulkheads to the center bulkheads, but does not capture the bearings for the center shaft.  This means the whole upper chassis brace has to be removed to access the center shaft.  
Time to attach the front bulkheads and steering posts.  The steering posts are much shorter than they were on the TRF 415MSX and the bulkheads have some additional holes.  Otherwise the design and layout is very similar.  
Here you can see the new one piece pulley again.  It is the identical 37T pulley used in the rear except with a bigger central bore.  This time both left and right one-way bearings are integrated into a single housing instead of being separate parts like on the TRF 415MSX.  The other big change is that the plastic eccentric bearing housings for belt tension adjustment now have the scallops integrated into them instead of machining them into the bulkheads.  Both the scallops and the eccentricity are clearly visible in the photo on the right.
Installing the upper bulkheads captures the front pulley and tightens the belt.  The front steel drive cups are also installed at this point.  If you look at where the belt passes between the steering posts you can see that it is offset toward the left of chassis.  This is the result of putting the center pulleys on either side on the spur gear.  In the TRF 415MSX, the front pulley was centered.

The configuration of these steering cranks is considerably different than the TRF 415MSX, but very similar to the variation introduced in the Mark Rheihard edition.  Here the servo link is connected to the steering bridge instead of the right hand crank, the bridge has been converted from carbon to aluminum, and it has moved under the cranks.  All of this saves a bit of space and puts the mass slightly lower down.  The steering links have also gotten 4.5mm longer because they attach to the bridge closer to the center of the chassis.
This little steering post support didn't exist on the TRF 415MSX because the steering posts connected directly to the upper chassis brace.  This provides a bit of additional lateral support to the top of the posts.
The upper chassis brace is installed much earlier in the build than on the TRF 415MSX, and is also much longer (roughly 17cm instead of 11.5cm) because it now stretches all the way from the front to the rear bulkheads.  That little bearing in the middle is a belt support to keep that long belt from slapping.
The rear suspension arm assembly is nearly identical to that of the TRF 415MSX with the only difference being the configuration of the spacers.  The default rear toe is still 3 but now using 1XB and 1D suspension mounts instead of 1XD and 1B.  This would theoretically result in a 1.5mm wider track width, but I think that is probably cancelled out by the new uprights.

Speaking of new rear uprights, you can see here that the E tree for the uprights and the C tree for the steering knuckles are both stamped with 42106 indicating that they are new for the TRF 416.  These both use fiber reinforced plastic.
These lovely CVD style aluminum axles are nearly the same as those from the TRF 415MSX, but they are 2mm shorter and the steel wheel axles are slightly different.  The picture on the right shows how they are installed into the new plastic uprights.  The same clamping 12mm hexes are used.
Now we'll install the rear suspension using the turnbuckles and hinge pins shown.  This works just like the TRF 415MSX except for the specific adjusted length of the turnbuckles (the actual 3x32mm parts are the same).
Now we can start the subassembly steps for the front suspension.  The parts and assembly method are all carried forward from the TRF 415MSX including the position of the shock balls and sway bar links.  Even the same (1B) front suspension mount is used.

Here are the parts for the front axles and steering knuckles.  Compared to the TRF 415MSX, the axle length has reduced from 46mm to 44mm.  While the steering knuckles still come from the C parts tree, they have actually changed slightly.  The new parts use 10x5mm bearings instead of 9x5mm.
The picture on the left shows one of the hub carriers (F-parts).  You can see the 4 degree camber angle built into the hub by looking at the angle the hinge pin forms with rest of the part.  The TRF 415MSX came with two sets of carriers (2° and 4°) originally from the TA Evo IV chassis.  The TRF 416 has a similar but new set of hubs from the TA-05 IFS, this time with only the 4° option.  It's not entirely clear why they chose to change the hubs even though the suspension arms are exactly the same, but the new parts seem to have more structural reinforcement and are also made from carbon filled plastic.  The new steering knuckles (C-parts) are not from the TA-05 IFS.  The new assembly method is actually a bit tricky for two reasons.  Firstly, the bushings install into the hubs from the inside instead of the outside which makes them difficult to hold in place while the knuckle is inserted.  Secondly, the upper and lower bushing are very slightly different (4.5x3.5mm vs. 4.6x4.7mm) which makes it easy to install them wrong.  I can't imagine why it was necessary to make them 0.1mm different in diameter.
There's nothing special about the front camber links.  They go together just like the rear versions and are the same length as those used on the TRF 415MSX.  In fact it takes careful observation to tell the difference between the completed front suspension assemblies of these two chassis.
The TRF 416 is the first model to introduce set screws on the brackets which support the anti-sway bars.  These allow the builder to adjust the clearance and make sure they fit very snugly and transmit torque efficiently.  The TRF 415MSX used color coded sway bars to indicate stiffness (yellow and red), but on the 416 they are both black.   The front bar is stiffer (larger diameter) than the rear.

Time to assemble the beautiful TRF shocks.  I can't find any obvious difference between these shock bodies and those used on the TRF 415MSX, but they are not the same part number.  I think perhaps the 415MSX parts had the High Lubrication (HL) coating but these do not).  The 416 also uses different stiffness front (hard, blue band) and rear (medium, yellow band) springs.
They seem to change the shock tower geometry with pretty much every version of the TRF chassis, and this is no exception.  They are almost the same as those on the TRF 415MSX, but not quite.  The geometry appears nearly the same, but this new version has countersunk holes for flush mount screws.  Why use a common part when you can make them different?
The story is much the same in the front.  This shock tower is new for this model, but looks extremely similar to what we've seen before.  The white springs at least make it easily distinguished from the yellow used on the TRF 415MSX.
I've been putting silver can motors in my other TRF chassis intended just for display, but the TRF 416 is the first in which I found that to be impossible.  The front bearing journal on the silver can is too large in diameter to fit into the slot on the motor mount, so this motor cannot be installed.  I used a Super Stock TZ motor instead which looks much better anyway.  In fact, it looks so much better that I may go back and change out the motors on the previous models.  RC collectors are experts in spending money on upgrades that offer no actual improvement.

The TRF 416 is the first model I've built which includes slots in the chassis for a ram induction scoop to cool the motor.  The TRF 415MSXX had one, but I never built that model.  I've also installed a cheap servo at this point to hold the steering in place.
The TRF 416 did not come with any tires, but includes the same wheels found in the TRF 415MSX.  The bumper geometry has changed again and a new carbon bumper support has been added.  That completes the chassis!  It is quite lovely.